Malignant Tumors of the Skin

Malignant Tumors of the Skin is further divided into

Common Cutaneous Malignancies

» How are skin cancers classified?
» What are the most common nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs)?
» What is the most important cause of NMSC?
» Are there any other causes of NMSC?
» What special populations are at increased risk of NMSC?
» How are NMSCs diagnosed?
» How frequently do NMSCs occur?
» How can NMSCs be prevented?
» What factors should you consider in treating NMSC?
» What are basal cell carcinomas?
» What is the molecular basis for the development of sporadic basal cell carcinoma?
» Describe the clinical and histologic appearance of basal cell carcinomas.
» What is nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome?
» What do typical squamous cell carcinomas look like clinically?
» What is the biologic behavior of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma?
» What are keratoacanthomas?
» How do keratoacanthomas present clinically?
» What is Bowen’s disease?
» What is an actinic keratosis?
» What do actinic keratoses look like?
» How should premalignant lesions, such as actinic keratoses and actinic cheilitis, be treated?





Leukemic and Lymphomatous Infiltrates of the Skin

» Define lymphoma.


Mycosis Fungoides
» Is there a lymphoma that begins in the skin?
» What type of lymphoma is mycosis fungoides?
» How common is mycosis fungoides?
» How does mycosis fungoides begin?
» What is parapsoriasis?
» What type of skin lesions are seen in patients with mycosis fungoides?
» Describe the three subtypes of mycosis fungoides.
» What is the TNM classification of mycosis fungoides?
» How is mycosis fungoides treated?
» Describe topical nitrogen mustard (HN2) therapy.
» If a patient develops allergic contact dermatitis to topical nitrogen mustard, does the treatment have to be permanently discontinued?
» Is photochemotherapy an effective treatment of mycosis fungoides?
» What are the major side effects of bexarotene in the treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
» How does one manage the side effects of bexarotene?
» Are interferons effective in treating mycosis fungoides?
» Is chemotherapy an effective treatment of mycosis fungoides?
» What is extracorporeal photophoresis?
» Are there any other FDA-approved treatments for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?


Other Lymphomas and Leukemias
» Outline the Ann Arbor clinical staging system for Hodgkin’s disease.
» What is a Reed-Sternberg cell?
» What are the histologic classes of Hodgkin’s disease?
» Does Hodgkin’s disease occur in the skin?
» How are cells immunophenotyped? What does the CD nomenclature mean?
» What is lymphomatoid papulosis?
» Are CD30-positive cells specific for lymphomatoid papulosis?
» What is HTLV-1 virus? What is its significance?
» Can multiple myeloma present with skin lesions only?
» What is pseudolymphoma of the skin?
» Can B-cell lymphomas present with skin lesions?
» What is the most common type of leukemia in adults?
» Can leukemia present with specific skin lesions?
» What are some nonspecific skin lesions seen in patients with leukemia?




Cutaneous Metastases

  

Malignant Melanoma

» What is melanoma?
» How common is malignant melanoma in the United States?
» What causes melanoma?
» What groups have a genetic predisposition to familial melanoma?
» List the risk factors for melanoma.
» List the high-risk groups for developing melanoma.
» Do all melanomas develop from atypical nevi?
» What are cancer stem cells?
» Is melanoma a single disease?
» What are the molecular pathways in melanoma?
» Is there a host immune response to melanoma?
» Describe the clinical appearance of melanoma.
» What are the ABCDEs of melanoma?
» What is dermoscopy?
» Where on the body does melanoma most commonly arise?
» Are there different types of melanoma?
» What are Clark’s levels?
» What is Breslow’s depth?
» What other findings should be reported in the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma?
» What are the common immunohistochemical (IHC) markers utilized in the diagnosis of melanoma?
» Are there other factors with prognostic impact in patients with melanoma?
» How are patients with melanoma evaluated after the initial diagnosis?
» What is the most current system for staging melanoma?
» How is melanoma treated?
» How wide should surgical margins be?
» What is the most important risk factor for local recurrence of primary melanoma?
» Does a biopsy of melanoma increase the risk of spreading tumor cells or causing metastases?
» Describe the recommended follow-up for a patient with melanoma.
» Which tests or examinations are conducted during the routine follow-up of patients who have had melanoma?
» Does local tumor recurrence influence overall survival?
» What is elective lymph node dissection (ELND)? When is it indicated?
» What is sentinel lymph node biopsy? When is it indicated?
» What is linear melanonychia?
» What is Hutchinson’s sign?
» What is Hutchinson’s freckle?
» Are there any new ways to assess prognosis in patients with melanoma?
» What forms of chemotherapy are used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma?
» Is radiation therapy effective for melanoma?
» How effective is immunotherapy in malignant melanoma?
» Does gene therapy offer any better results?
» How about local perfusion?
» What are some newer targeted therapies for melanoma?





Uncommon Malignant Tumors of the Skin

Epithelioid Sarcoma
» What is an epithelioid sarcoma?
» Why is it called “epithelioid” sarcoma?
» How does epithelioid sarcoma present?
» How is the diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma made?
» How are epithelioid sarcomas treated?
» Can epithelioid sarcoma metastasize?
» What are the prognostic factors of epithelioid sarcoma?


Angiosarcoma
» What is angiosarcoma?
» Is there more than one type of angiosarcoma?
» How does angiosarcoma of the scalp and face in the elderly present?
» What are the clinical course and prognosis for angiosarcoma?
» Is there an effective treatment for angiosarcoma?
» What is the clinical presentation of angiosarcoma arising in chronic lymphedema?
» What are the clinical course and prognosis of angiosarcoma?
» What are the histologic features of angiosarcomas?


Merkel Cell Carcinoma
» What is Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)?
» Describe the clinical presentation of MCC.
» What is the pathogenesis of MCC?
» Can any other tumors be microscopically confused with MCC?
» What special stains are available to diagnose MCC?
» How do you treat MCC?
» Does MCC metastasize?
» What is the overall prognosis?


Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
» What are the clinical features of microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC)?
» How is MAC treated?
» What is the prognosis?


Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
» What is dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?
» Is a special stain available to identify DSFP?
» Describe the clinical features of DSFP.
» Do DFSPs have a tendency to recur?
» How is DFSP treated?


Atypical Fibroxanthoma
» What is an atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX)?
» What is the clinical course?
» What are the treatment and the prognosis?


Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
» What is a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)?
» Do they arise in the skin?
» What are the prognosis and treatment?


Extramammary Paget’s Disease
» What are the clinical features of extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD)?
» Is EMPD associated with underlying malignancies?
» What is meant by “pagetoid” growth?
» How is it treated?


Sebaceous Carcinoma
» Where do sebaceous carcinomas occur?
» How does sebaceous carcinoma present?
» What are the treatment and prognosis?


Leiomyosarcoma
» What is leiomyosarcoma?
» Describe dermal leiomyosarcoma.
» What histologic stains help identify leiomyosarcoma?
» What are the treatment and prognosis?

 

 

 

 

 

 

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