« Back to Infections and Infestations

Mycobacterial Infections

»	What is the classification system of mycobacteria?
»	What are the staining characteristics of mycobacteria?
»	How many species of Mycobacterium cause infection in human beings?
»	Name three mycobacteria in the tuberculosis complex responsible for tuberculosis.
»	What is tuberculosis?
»	What is the difference between a primary and secondary infection?
»	Explain the route of infection in cutaneous tuberculosis.
»	Who is at risk of acquiring tuberculosis?
»	Describe the histopathologic hallmark of tuberculosis.
»	How can one acquire primary cutaneous tuberculosis?
»	Describe the clinical manifestation of primary-inoculation cutaneous tuberculosis.
»	What are the different types of cutaneous tuberculosis?
»	What laboratory tests are used to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
»	Is lupus vulgaris related to lupus erythematosus or lupus pernio?
»	Describe the clinical manifestations of lupus vulgaris.
»	Where and when does lupus vulgaris develop?
»	What is scrofuloderma?
»	Name the vaccination against tuberculosis. What type of vaccination is it?
»	What drugs are used in the treatment of tuberculosis?
»	What are the major side effects of antituberculous agents?
»	What factors have led to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis?
»	Are there any special treatment considerations for cutaneous tuberculosis?
»	What is the mechanism of action of TNF-a in tuberculosis?
»	Describe the pathogenesis of the atypical mycobacteria.
»	Describe the pathogenesis of the atypical mycobacteria.
»	What is a “swimming pool granuloma”?
»	What is a Buruli ulcer?
»	Describe the clinical manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) in both non-AIDS and AIDS patients.
»	Which atypical mycobacteria are associated with mesotherapy?
»	Which atypical mycobacteria are associated with tattoos?
»	Which atypical mycobacteria have been associated with soft tissue fillers?
»	How are infections with rapidly growing mycobacteria managed?
»	What are some of the key features of Mycobacterium kansasii?

What are the major side effects of antituberculous agents?

See Table 30-3.

Table 30-3. First-Line Antituberculous Agents and Major Side Effects
	DRUG	SIDE EFFECT	SPECIAL COMMENT
	Isoniazid	Peripheral neuritis Hepatitis	From pyridoxine deficiency Occurs with 1%–2%, increased risk with age >35
	Rifampin	Hepatitis Orange stain of secretions	More common when given with isoniazid May permanently stain contact lenses
	Rifabutin	Neutropenia Hepatitis Orange stain of secretions	Occurs in HIV patients More common when given with isoniazid May permanently stain contact lenses
	Rifapentine	Hepatitis Orange stain of secretions	More common when give with isoniazid May permanently stain contact lenses
	Pyrazinamide	Hyperuricemia	May precipitate gout
	Ethambutol	Optic neuritis	Avoid in children under age 13

	Data available at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm. Accessed December 13, 2009.