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Neonatal Infections

»	What are the TORCHES infections in a neonate?
»	Describe the cutaneous findings in neonatal herpes simplex viral (HSV) infections.
»	Is neonatal herpes simplex dangerous?
»	What percentage of herpes-infected neonates display skin or mucosal lesions?
»	What percentage of these lesions are HSV-1, as opposed to HSV-2?
»	What tests can be done to diagnose herpes infections? How should material be obtained for these tests?
»	What is congenital varicella syndrome?
»	What is the average age of onset of lesions in a neonate exposed to varicella perinatally? When is there an increased risk of mortality?
»	What is the treatment of neonatal HSV and varicella infection?
»	What is a “blueberry muffin baby”? What is the significance of this diagnosis?
»	At what time during pregnancy is there the highest risk of congenital rubella following maternal infection?
»	List the classic triad of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
»	Are any precautions necessary for infants with congenital rubella syndrome at the time of hospital discharge?
»	Why is human parvovirus infection important to a pregnant woman?
»	Are most infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection symptomatic?
»	What cutaneous findings are seen in congenital CMV infection?
»	What clinical findings are seen in congenital Epstein-Barr virus infection?
»	Describe a clinical presentation of congenital human papillomavirus infection.
»	What is the risk of HIV infection transmission to an infant born from an HIV-positive mother?
»	What is Hutchinson’s triad?
»	Are there any other stigmata of late congenital syphilis?
»	What are the physical findings of early congenital syphilis?

What is the risk of HIV infection transmission to an infant born from an HIV-positive mother?

for mothers with no previous preventative treatment during pregnancy. By 2005, in the United States, almost 8500 children had been diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who were infected perinatally. Since 1994, studies show the risk of perinatal transmission to be even less than 2% (as published by the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 076). Most often, infected and uninfected infants cannot be clinically distinguished at birth.

CDC: HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2005, vol 17, revised ed, Atlanta, 2007, US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, pp 1–54. Goldschmidt RH, Fogler JA: Opportunities to prevent HIV transmission in newborns, Pediatrics 117:208–209, 2006.