| | “Buzz” words | | Association |
| Oral Findings |
| | Premalignant oral leukoplakia | | Dyskeratosis congenita |
| | Benign oral leukoplakia | | Pachyonychia congenita type 1 |
| | Cobblestoning of oral mucosa | | Cowden syndrome, Crohn’s disease |
| | Anodontia | | Hypomelanosis of Ito, incontinentia pigmenti, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia |
| | Pegged teeth | | Ectodermal dysplasias (i.e., hypohidrotic ED), incontinentia pigmenti |
| | Natal teeth | | Pachyonychia congenita type 2 |
| | Retention of primary teeth | | Hyper-IgE syndrome |
| | Supernumerary teeth (polydontia) | | Gardner syndrome |
| | Red-colored teeth (erythrodontia) | | Congenital erythropoietic porphyria |
| | Staining of teeth | | TCN (gingival 1/3), MCN (middle 1/3) |
| | Enamel hypoplasia (including enamel pits) | | Sjögren–Larsson syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, junctional epidermolysis bullosa |
| | Centrally notched upper incisors | | Congenital syphilis |
| | Periodontitis with early tooth loss | | Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome, Haim–Munk syndrome |
| | Floating teeth | | Letterer–Siwe disease (LCH) |
| | Mucocutaneous papillomas and pits | | Focal dermal hypoplasia |
| | Mucosal neuromas (± rubbery lips) | | MEN 2b (also known as MEN 3) |
| | Oral fibromas | | Tuberous sclerosis, Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome |
| | Odontogenic cysts | | Gardner syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) |
| | Macroglossia | | Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome |
| Eye Findings |
| | Comma-shaped corneal opacities | | X-linked ichthyosis |
| | Whorl-like corneal opacities | | Fabry disease |
| | Keratoconus (gradual bulging from normal round shape to cone shape) | | Down syndrome, atopic dermatitis |
| | Painful keratitis, dendritic corneal ulcers (pseudoherpetic) | | Richner-Hanhart syndrome |
| | Photophobia, keratitis, neovascularization, eventual blindness | | KID syndrome |
| | Anterior subcapsular cataracts | | Atopic dermatitis |
| | Lester iris (hyperpigmentation around pupillary margin of iris) | | Nail–patella syndrome |
| | Heterochromia iridis (two different eye colors in same individual) | | Waardenburg syndrome |
| | Lisch nodules (pigmented hamartomatous nevi in iris) | | Neurofibromatosis |
| | Coloboma (defect in iris) | | Goltz syndrome |
| | Ectopia lentis (lens dislocation), downward | | Homocystinuria |
| | Ectopia lentis, upward | | Marfan syndrome |
| | Anterior uveitis, lacrimal gland enlargement with ↑ lacrimation | | Sarcoidosis |
| | Uveitis (anterior or posterior), glaucoma | | Behcet’s disease |
| | Angioid streaks | | Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, lead poisoning |
| | Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) | | Gardner syndrome |
| | Retinitis pigmentosa (salt/pepper) | | Cocakyne syndrome, Refsum disease |
| | Perifoveal glistening white dots in ocular fundus | | Sjögren–Larsson syndrome |
| | Retinal phakomas (hamartomas) | | Tuberous sclerosis |
| Nose and Ear Findings |
| | Broad nasal bridge | | Hyper-IgE syndrome |
| | Bullous pear-shaped nose | | Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome |
| | Beaked nose | | Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, progeria |
| | Circular depression (posterior rim of helices) | | Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome |
| | Ear lobe crease | | Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome |
| | Crumpled ears | | Congenital contractural arachnodactyly |
| Radiologic Findings |
| | Calcification of falx cerebri | | Gorlin syndrome |
| | Calcification of basal ganglia | | Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cockayne syndrome |
| | Calcification of dura (at tentorium and choroid attachments) | | Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome |
| | Calcification of hippocampus and amygdala | | Lipoid proteinosis |
| | Tram-track calcification (due to vascular malformations in cortex) | | Sturge–Weber syndrome |
| | Occipital exostoses (horns) | | Occipital horn syndrome, Menkes disease |
| | Thickening of calvarium | | Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Clouston), tuberous sclerosis |
| | Radiolucent “punched out” osteolytic lesions often on skull | | Multiple myeloma |
| | Solitary or multiple “punched out” lesions, ± sclerotic rim (skull, mandible, humerus, femur, rib) | | Eosinophilic granuloma (form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis) |
| | Wormian bones (additional intrasutural bones within skull) | | Osteoge nesis imperfecta, Menkes disease |
| | Dysplasia of sphenoid wing (skull bone) | | Neurofibromatosis I |
| | Cranial and external auditory canal hyperostosis | | Proteus syndrome |
| | Beaded ribs | | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| | Bifid (bifurcated) ribs | | Gorlin syndrome |
| | Supernumerary vertebrae | | Incontinentia pigmenti |
| | Osteopoikilosis (numerous sclerotic foci in long bones) | | Buschke–Ollendorf syndrome |
| | Osteopathia striata (prominent vertical striations near epiphyses/metaphyses in long bones) | | Goltz syndrome |
| | Melorheostosis (thickening of bony cortex like ‘dripping candle wax’) | | Linear scleroderma |
| | Erlenmeyer flask deformity of femoral mid-shaft | | Gaucher disease |
| | Cone-shaped epiphysis | | Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome |
| | Stippled epiphyses or chondrodysplasia punctata (punctate calcifications within epiphyseal cartilage) | | CHILD syndrome, Conradi-Hünermann syndrome |
| | Absent radii | | Fanconi anemia |
| | Hypoplastic radii, ulnae, and/or thumbs | | Rothmund–Thomson syndrome |
| | Radial head subluxation | | Nail–patella syndrome |
| | Broad thumbs | | Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome |
| | Hypoplastic thumbs | | Rothmund–Thomson syndrome |
| | Short 4th metacarpal | | Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy |
| | Clinodactyly | | Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Russell-Silver syndrome |
| | Thickened scapulae | | Nail–patella syndrome |
| | Absent patella | | Nail–patella syndrome |
| | Sclerotic focal bone lesions | | POEMS syndrome |
| | Iliac exostoses (posterior iliac horns) | | Nail–patella syndrome |
| | Dysostosis multiplex (characteristic skeletal abnormalities) | | Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders |
| | Resorption of distal phalanges | | Scleroderma, Haim–Munk syndrome |
| | Tufting of terminal phalanges | | Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Clouston) |
| Increased Risk of Cancer |
| | ↑ Lymphoreticular malignancy + ataxia, recurrent infections | | Ataxia-telangiectasia |
| | ↑ Medulloblastoma and fibrosarcomas + ovarian fibromas | | Gorlin syndrome |
| | ↑ Leukemia or GI CA + photodistributed rash | | Bloom syndrome |
| | ↑ Renal, thyroid (medullary), colon CA + fibrofolliculomas | | Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome |
| | ↑ Esophageal CA + focal pressure PPK | | Howel–Evans syndrome |
| | ↑ Thyroid (follicular), breast, colon CA + trichilemmomas | | Cowden syndrome |
| | ↑ Chondrosarcoma + endochrondromas, venous
malformations | | Maffucci syndrome |
| | ↑ Colon CA + odontogenic cysts | | Gardner syndrome |
| | ↑ Testicular CA + cryptorchidism | | X-linked ichthyosis |
| | ↑ Sebaceous CA + sebaceous adenomas | | Muir–Torre syndrome |
| | ↑ Thyroid (medullary) CA + mucosal neuromas | | MEN 2b |
| | ↑ Renal cell CA + uterine and cutaneous leiomyomas | | Leiomyomatosis |
| | ↑ Ovarian, lung, colorectal, pancreatic CA + poikiloderma | | Dermatomyositis |
| | ↑ Acute myelogenous leukemia + neutrophilic dermatosis | | Sweet’s syndrome, pyoderma gangrenosum (atypical bullous form) |
| | ↑ GI lymphoma + pruritic vesicles (extensor surfaces) | | Dermatitis herpetiformis |
| | ↑ Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia + JXG
(juvenile xanthogranuloma) | | NF1 |
| | ↑ Various CA (30% of cases) + destructive arthritis | | Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis |
| | ↑ Renal cell CA (rare) + shagreen patches | | Tuberous sclerosis |
| | ↑ SCC + leukoplakia, nail dystrophy, bone marrow failure | | Dyskeratosis congenita |
| | ↑ Osteosarcoma + hypoplastic thumbs, photosensitivity | | Rothmund–Thomson syndrome |
| | Glucagonoma (pancreatic tumor) + erythematous plaques (thighs/groin/perineum) | | Necrolytic migratory erythema |
| Vectors and Disease |
| | Lutzomyia verrucarum (sandfly) | | Oroya fever (Bartonella bacilliformis) |
| | Lutzomyia spp., Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly) | | Leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.) |
| | Reduviid bug | | Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) |
| | Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea) | | Plague (Yersinia pestis) |
| | | Endemic typhus (Rickettsia typhi) |
| | Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) | | Cat-scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) |
| | Chrysops discalis (deer fly) | | Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) |
| | Chrysops, family Tabanidae (deer or mango fly) | | Loaisis (Loa loa) |
| | Glossina morsitans (tsetse fly) | | African trypanosomiasis (T. gambiense and rhodesiense) |
| | Simulium spp. (black fly) | | Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus) |
| | Culex, Aedes, Anopheles (mosquitoes) | | Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) |
| | Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick) | | Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) |
| | | Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) |
| | Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) | | Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) |
| | Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) | | Mediterranean spotted fever (Rickettsia conorii) |
| | Ixodes dammini (scapularis), Ixodes pacificus | | Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) |
| | Trombiculid red mites (larval stage: chigger) | | Scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) |
| | Liponyssoides sanguineus (mouse mite) | | Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari) |
| | Pediculus humanus (human body louse) | | Epidemic fever (Rickettsia prowazekii) |
| | | Relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis) |
| | | Trench fever (Bartonella quintana) |
| Infectious Disease Signs |
| | Red grains (actinomycetoma) | | Actinomadura pelletieri |
| | Yellow to brown grains (actinomycetoma) | | Streptomyces somaliensis |
| | Pink or cream grains (actinomycetoma) | | Actinomadura madurae |
| | White grains (actinomycetoma) | | Nocardia brasiliensis and asteroides |
| | Pectinate hyphae (broken comb) | | Microsporum audouinii |
| | Bamboo-like hyphae | | Microsporum ferrugineum |
| | “Pig snout” conidia | | Microsporum nanum |
| | Bullous tinea pedis | | Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
| | Spiral hyphae | | Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
| | Teardrop-shaped microconidia (‘birds on a wire’) | | Trichophyton rubrum |
| | Septate hyphae with reflexive branching | | Trichophyton soudanense |
| | Teardrop, balloon and matchstick forms of conidia | | Trichophyton tonsurans |
| | Septate hyphae with favic chandeliers | | Trichophyton tonsurans |
| | Partial thiamine and inositol requirement | | Trichophyton verrucosum |
| | Khaki-colored colony with club-shaped macroconidia | | Epidermophyton floccosum |
| | Round cells attached to one another (“chain of coins,” “brass knuckles”) | | Lobomycosis (Lacazia loboi) |
| | Globe-shaped sclerotic cells (“Medlar bodies”, “copper pennies”) | | Chromoblastomycosis (dematiaceous fungi) |
| | Photochromogens (mycobacteria) | | M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. simium |
| | Broad-based budding with double contoured thick wall | | Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dematitidis) |
| | Large round organisms with multiple narrow-based buds radiating outward (mariner’s wheel) | | Paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis) |
| | Dichotomous branching at 45–60° angle | | Aspergillus |
| | Large ribbon-like hyphae with 90° branching | | Mucor |
| | Giant sporangia | | Rhinosporidiosis (Rhinosporidium seeberi) |
| | Morula formation resembling soccer ball | | Protothecosis (Prototheca) |
| | Winterbottom’s sign | | Posterior cervical LAD in African trypanosomiasis |
| | Romana’s sign | | Eyelid edema and conjunctivitis in American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) |
| | Mazzotti reaction | | Severe reaction in onchocerciasis associated with diethylcarbamazine, (when microfilariae killed) |
| Surgery |
| Least inflammatory nonabsorbable suture | | Polypropylene (prolene) |
| Most inflammatory nonabsorbable suture | | Silk |
| Longest lasting absorbable suture for 180 days | | PDS (polydioxanone) |
| Graft with less contraction | | Full-thickness skin graft |
| Graft with less necrosis due to ↓ vascular requirement | | Split-thickness skin graft |
| Local anesthetic with shortest duration | | Procaine |
| Local anesthetic with longest duration | | Bupivacaine (etidocaine next) |
| Derivation of muscles of mastication | | First branchial arch |
| Derivation of facial expression muscles | | Second branchial arch |
| Muscle needed to pull corners of mouth downward | | Depressor anguli oris (DAO) |
| Muscle needed to dilate nostrils | | Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
| Sensory innervation to root of nose, lateral nasal sidewalls | | Infratrochlear nerve |
| Sensory innervation to nasal dorsum and tip | | External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve |
| Sensory innervation to tympanic membrane | | Auriculotemporal nerve |
| Internal and external carotid artery (ICA/ECA) anastomosis | | Dorsal nasal artery (ICA) with angular artery (ECA) |
| Type of excision best over convex surface | | S-plasty |
| Type of excision for reducing length of scar | | M-plasty |
| Process by which synthetic materials (i.e., polyglycolic acid) absorbed | | Hydrolysis |
| Process by which natural material (cat gut, silk) absorbed | | Proteolysis |
| Antiseptic with flammable property | | Isopropyl alcohol |
| Antiseptic inactivated by blood/sputum, ± contact dermatitis | | Povidone-iodine |
| Antiseptic with neurotoxic effects (teratogenic as well) | | Hexachlorophene |
| Antiseptic with ototoxicity and ocular irritation | | Chlorhexidine |
| Scar strength at 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 6 weeks and 1 year | | 5%, 15%, 40%, 80% |
| Temperature needed for melanocyte destruction | | −5°C |
| Temperature to destroy skin cancer | | −50°C (vs. −25°C for benign lesion) |
| Temperature for destruction of keratinocyte | | −25°C |
| Maximum safe dose of lidocaine for tumescent anesthesia | | 55 mg/kg |
| Miscellaneous |
| | B cell lymphoma, leg type | | More aggressive with poorer prognosis than B cell lymphomas of head/neck |
| | Nodular amyloidosis | | AL |
| | Macular and lichen amyloidosis | | Keratin-derived |
| | Scleromyxedema | | IgGλ |
| | Psoriasis | | ↑ K6/16, ↑ involucrin, ↑ ornithine decarboxylase |
| | Differentiate acquired angioedema vs. hereditary angioedema | | Check C4 level |
| | Wolff–Chaikoff effect | | Side effect from potassium iodide |
| | Hereditary angioedema | | Type I: ↓ C2/C4, ↓ functional C1inh |
| | | Type II: normal C2/C4, ↓ functional C1inh |
| | Proteins to maintain HPV replication in basal layer | | E1 and E2 proteins |
| | Treatment for erythema nodosum leprosum | | Thalidomide |
| | Most common location for superficial spreading melanoma | | Back (men), leg (women) |
| | Autoantibody with CCB-induced LE | | Anti-SSA (anti-Ro) |
| | Autoantibody with procainamide-induced LE | | Anti-histone |
| | Most common cyst on lateral neck | | Branchial cleft cyst |
| | Most common cyst on midline of anterior neck | | Thyroglossal duct cyst |
| | Treatment for confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud | | Minocycline × 6–8 weeks |
| | Drug-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) | | Penicillamine |
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